Trip to Doncheadi

Now we stand on the  Nong Ya Sai going on the country streets.

And now turn left at here to going to Main street of Distric.

Turn left again.

And now we are arrive at the Doncheadi.

Thx.

Landslide

Landslide ( แผ่นดินถล่ม )

       Landslides  is the motion of the earth. The process, which involves the movement of soil or rock. Along a mountain slope or hill.

              1) factors that cause landslides. Landslides occurred due to gravity may drop off the flaking or collapses it. What are the triggers landslides are both natural and man-made​​.

1.1 Natural factors are as follows.

                           1. Severe earthquakes will result in a steep slope area land movement down by gravity.

                            2. Heavy precipitation events. Heavy rain continuously for several days. Collect rainwater to seep into the soil. When the soil is unable to absorb them is slipping down the slope with trees and debris and are of different sizes. Flow as well.

        In addition, landslides can be caused by other factors, such as volcanic eruption melted snow or snow tsunami of change of groundwater. Erosion of the banks of the continental shelf, and so on.

Human factor of 1.2 is as follows.

                            1. Digging their hillside . Slope or hillside. To agriculture, road expansion in the flat land etc.

                            2. Suck sand from the river. Or on land.

                            3. Digging deep . Construction in the basement of the building.

                            4. Compacted soil to allow the construction of the underground movement in the vicinity.

                            5. Pumping groundwater. Excessive groundwater .

                            6. Deforestation for farming , gardening etc.

                2 . Situation landslides . Landslides in different countries and in a similar manner is often in mountainous areas with steep slopes. Adjusted to the forest areas. Build homes. A resort town. And when the rain continued longer than 24 hours, often out of mud landslide debris into debris timber with water . Damage to both life and property at all times. And the occurrence of such events often occur more frequently  And more intense each time with the same example, the African continent has caused landslides in the mountainous eastern part of the village . In March 2553 , due to heavy rain in the area continuously. As a result, more than 100 people have died and more than 300 people were missing and the South China landslides often as on 5th July 2553 has caused heavy rains in the province of Yunnan and Sichuan . Resulting landslides have killed 148 people and houses damaged.

For example, when a landslide in the May 23, 2549 in the district of Lae Tha Pla district, Muang Uttaradit. Sisatchanalai district. Sukhothai.

1.5 of coastal erosion .

      Coastal erosion (Coastal Erosion) is that the coast is eroded by the action of the waves in the sea , and bordered to the mean coastal retreat into the earth. Impact on the environment and human life .

Factors that cause coastal erosion . Are as follows.

Tsunami , resulting in coastal areas as a reason for the change markedly as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions , landslides and so on.

Climate change . Into the factors that make the world a different environment, the higher the temperature . Hot air up to the wind . Tidal waves, severe changes. Storm intensity and frequency than ever before.

Sea level rise. Rising sea levels caused by the air temperature is higher. The waters rose . And also in the polar regions and glaciers on the mountain high melt flow into the ocean.

The geological structure of the ocean with sea shell plate movement caused by subsidence of the area. The subsidence of coastal areas can be caused by pressure or compressibility of the sediments in the area or may be caused by digging or vacuum pumps , both solid and liquid out of the area , such as groundwater pumping up the volume. Cause subsidence of the area .

Sediment flowing into the sea is reduced. From the building blocking the natural flow of water . The decrease in sediment along the coast . Erosion occur so easily.

Human activities on coastal development without compliance with the coastal environment such as building skyscrapers along the sandy beach outside at the sea. The reclamation of the sea to the land . Changing mangrove as natural barriers to other benefits . The construction of large blocks of natural movement of waves and currents, etc.

2 ) the coastline has been eroded. Measurements of sea level. By measuring the water North Sea over the world have found that some of the changes that have increased from 12 to 15 cm sea level rise will cause subsidence of land , for example, the U.S. has lost . West Island area skaters (Whale Skate) in the Hawaiian Islands . Of the rise of sea level or the population of Tuvalu who are afflicted to seek a new address. The land is sinking as well. It has been estimated that If sea levels rise 1 meter area of ​​the coast of Saudi cluttered old lost 0.05 percent of Egypt 1 percent in the Netherlands 6 percent in Bangladesh, 17.5 percent, and the Marshall Islands may lose space to 80 percent . such change has been estimated that during the next 30 years there will be a settlement of the coast has been eroded and the variability of the global climate will increase the intensity level up to 20 % and will result in disaster. floods , landslides , soil subsidence and drought , the eccentricities of the air. And other disasters . Followed by many .

      For coastal areas of Thailand have a length of about 2,600 kilometers, covering the coast of the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman and 23 provinces coastline on the Gulf of Thailand has a length of about 1,650 kilometers, covering 17 provinces, including Bangkok, Chantaburi, Rayong, Chonburi, Chachoengsao, Samut Prakan, Bangkok, Samut Songkhram, Phetchaburi, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Chumphon, Surat Thani. Nakhon Si Thammarat, Songkhla, Pattani and Narathiwat, the Andaman Sea has a length of approximately 950 kilometers of coastline, covering six provinces including Ranong, Phang Nga, Krabi, Trang and Satun.

Coastal areas of Thailand, 23 provinces were experiencing severe coastal erosion rates vary. The area was experiencing severe coastal erosion is an important economic and social areas, such as a Bang. Bangkok Coastal Phetchaburi - Prachuap Khiri Khan Coast of Chonburi, Rayong, Trat, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Songkhla, etc. Mineral Resources have been assigned by the Ministry of Natural Resources. Environment to host and perform troubleshooting. Coastal erosion and river banks. Gather preliminary data analysis to the problem of coastal erosion crisis found. Thian coast eroded over a period of five kilometer coastal Cha-aum

Phetchaburi Province . Coast and Hua Hin. Question. Severely eroded , a distance of eight kilometers and has a beach area that is so important, the royal house of Ma Hua Hin Beach . Klai Kangwon Palace . Being eroded in the medium at a distance of about 40 km coastal Pattani - Narathiwat eroded severely , a distance of about 35 miles and the coast Trad found eroded severely , a distance of about 8 km , with the cause of the bite . erosion and condition vary. Required to perform status . And the solution is unique for each friend . The need to study the problem . And environmental factors and geological oceanography . For guidelines on prevention. Solutions to fit each of the critical areas .

3) the impact of an eroding shoreline. Coastal erosion that occurs in many areas of the coastal regions. And affect the coast of Thailand in the following.

    1. Coastal ecosystems . The coastal ecosystems such as forests , wetlands, coral reefs , sea grass and other creatures are destroyed , resulting in degraded coastal environment .

    2. Economic conditions on the sea, no rich men Somboon . No natural beauty . Resulted in fewer tourists . Impact on the tourism industry . The revenue of the country. And impact on coastal aquaculture . Result in an economic loss of many

Three . Prachn livelihood of coastal erosion causing damage to buildings . Loss of land and property. Impact on quality of life and lifestyle of the community change. Many communities had to be evacuated from the area.

4) Troubleshooting coastal erosion . Coastal erosion problems are complex. Since there are many reasons factors together , it is difficult to find the real cause . And fix them on the spot , so the time to fix the past . It was not successful enough. Nonetheless . Agencies. Have attempted to alleviate the problem. And reduce the impact of coastal erosion in various ways . The problem today is how to fix two ways .

      4.1 ), a natural conservative treatment , including the ground swells and beach forest , mangrove and seagrass . And coral reefs . In particular, the conservation of mangroves . This will be important in helping to reduce the severity of the wind . This is one of the main causes of coastal erosion already . Mangrove habitats as refuge breeding of marine animals , which is a source of food for local people as well.

     4.2) engineering methods . The problem of coastal erosion . By engineering methods that Intended to trap sediment beaches. Wave energy dissipation . And try to maintain a balance beach . The engineering methods used to create such a breakwater barrier waves offshore. The embankment wall . Create artificial reefs etc.

Bibliography : http://etcgeography.wordpress.com

Tsunami

Tsunami ( สึนามิ )

        Tsunami  is one of the natural disasters. In the Japanese word. "Dual docking bay" (Haebour Waver), which Fujitsu first word meaning harbor (Harbour), the second term Nami means wave (Wave) is sometimes also called "Seismic Wave" is currently used to refer to groups of waves. wavelength too. Size of several hundred kilometers. From the peak to the chase.

1) the factors that caused the tsunami. Tsunami is a large, rapidly moving ocean waves and powerful. The mass of water in the seas and oceans have been severe vibration. Into the waves spread out from the epicenter of the quake. Most often occurs when there is an earthquake under the sea. It may be due to other causes, such as the eruption of a volcano on the island or under the sea. Being struck by a large meteorite on the surface of the water in the ocean. Nuclear submarine etc.

2) the occurrence of a tsunami. The area is often caused a tsunami in the Pacific. In particular, Japan has often been frequent victims of the tsunami in the Andaman Sea of the Indian Ocean tsunami that violence never before. On the 26 December 2547 tsunami was severe. Has its origins in the sea north of the island of Sumatra. In Indonesia. Then spread in the Andaman Sea to the East Coast of Africa. Resulted in the death of more than 200.00 people in 11 countries including Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Maldives, Somalia, Tanzania and Kenya in the deaths of approximately 5,400 people in six provinces.

3) the impact of the tsunami. The effects of the tsunami on the environment and society are as follows.

                 1. Makes the plates move. Deviation from the geographical coordinates.

                 2. Resulted in changes to coastal areas in a short time.

                 3. Causing loss of life and property, such as houses were damaged. Infrastructure was destroyed, and so on.

                 4. Affect aquatic ecosystems, such as changing a certain type of housing etc.

                 5. Effect on the occupation of the public as a commercial fisherman on the beach etc.

                 6. Affect the Company's business. The decline in tourist arrivals.

4) Beware of the tsunami disaster. Protect their way of observing and tsunami are as follows.

                  1. When an earthquake while in the coastal areas of New York. To mind that can be caused by the tsunami. Be ready anytime.

                  2. Observed phenomena such as the reduction of coastal sea level. To quickly evacuate your family and pets to higher ground and so on.

                  3. The ship close to shore in a hurry, take the boat out to sea.

                 4. Avoid construction in coastal areas with high risk. If required the construction. Should resist the strong tsunami.

Bibliography : http://etcgeography.wordpress.com

Volcano

volcano ( ถูเขาไฟปะทุ )

          Volcano  is a volcanic eruption of magma formed from volcanic gases and ashes from under the crust already appeared as topography. Volcanoes are both extinct and still have power. Extinct volcano is a volcano that happened a very long time. May be several hundred million years. Hardened magma that flows out into the volcanic rock on Earth. The volcano has erupted with a volcanic power. Or suspended temporarily. Igniting a volcano for a thousand years ago. Eruption may be new again. This present world is a powerful volcano is about 1.300 children and many become extinct volcano is the key.

1) the factors that caused the eruption of the volcano.
           1.1), the eruption of magma, ash and gases from the earth's crust. The eruption usually signal indications to predict such earthquakes in the surrounding area. Volcanic vibrations. Sounds like thunder. The sound is caused by the movement of magma, gas and steam were recorded. When there is lava erupting volcanic ash, dust, waste rock. Be ejected out of the crater or the channel side of the volcano. Or fractures of the volcano. When the magma to the surface is called "lava" (Lava) lava onto the Earth's surface temperature to 1.200 ⁰ C along the slope of the area.
         1.2) The eruption of magma or magma. Magma within the gas. When magma moves up near the surface by opening various gases. Dissolved gas bubbles to break away as it adds a lot more. And expanding rapidly. The viscosity of the magma that bubbles to rise as well. And the cracking of gas bubbles simultaneously. With the expansion, then it erupted violently.

2 ) the occurrence of volcanic eruptions. In the volcano 's erupting volcano is a continuous phenomenon . It is declared that the earth has magma molten mass is cooled again and try to get it. The eruption of the volcano in Year 2552-2553 . Occurred in countries such as the Philippines have thrown in a volcano spewing ash and debris into the sky. Since December 24, 2552 have been evacuated out of the area , but it appears that he did not fire erupted on January 6, 2553 Alabama Real Rochester volcano in Costa Rica. The fogging and lava eruptions , forest fires cause more heat . As a result, the pin feathers are evacuated from risk areas. Since October 26, 2553 in Merano volcano on the island of Java, Indonesia. Has erupted violently several times. Resulted in the death of more than 300 people have been evacuated from risk areas around 90.000 people . And a lot of property damage .
     Volcano disrupted living in all regions of the world. What is a volcano that was extinct volcano waiting to erupt. Of geological data indicate that the world is a large volcano with a height of 4.500 meters above to 14 below.

   
In Thailand, there is a volcano in the region. The most active volcanoes in the volcanic shield (Shield Volcano), a volcano that is about 4-10 degrees less steep volcanoes are caused due to the spread of volcanic basalt, which is a liquid and flows easily. Flow is spread out over a wide area. If there is no violence erupted.

Volcanic activity in many regions of Thailand is an extinct volcano. Found in the following.

3 ) the effects of volcanic eruptions .

                1. Causing vibration. The earthquakes have warned . Real earthquake . And earthquake monitoring. If the people to settle in the volcano may run late and potential losses to life and property .

               2 . Lava flow . May flow from the crater and movement speed to 50 kilometers per hour. Humans and animals might escape and catch a big loss .

                3. The dust from the mountain ash, the volcano erupted , covering the area near the volcano into the atmosphere . And wind may blow them away in the middle of a volcanic eruption thousands of miles . Air and water pollution . In drinking water for the people. When heavy rain caused flooding and mud guard will come from wind , dust and volcanic ash on them.

                4 . Resulting tsunami . The size of the eruption of the volcano . The underwater volcano . This wave may be launched in the third grade to high buildings .

      4) Beware of disaster caused by the volcanic eruption . Can be done as follows .

                     1. Requires predicting that the volcano will erupt . And may be harmful to the public or not . By publicity. Forecasting and early warning of volcanic eruptions on television for public awareness thoroughly. Clearly occurs when Need to be evacuated or not . Because some people do not want to be evacuated until the eruption . And the people returned to their homes as soon as possible when

                   2.  Forecasting should start with observation data collection and analysis by an experienced neurologist volcano not serious . The volcanic eruption is often two to three billion people of the world may know that I've settled on an extinct volcano or fire them. Therefore, an early warning can reduce the number of people who were victims of the volcano should also know where the volcano . When will erupt . To protect life and property when disaster strikes up .

                   3. Educating the public. Done at any time before, during and after disasters . When the public learned of the catastrophic eruption of the volcano. Since that early warning of volcanic eruptions have been half way to success . Better than the public is in the dark when the plague .

Bibliography : http://etcgeography.wordpress.com

Chan and Eng Bunker (แฝดสยามอิน-จัน)

Chan and Eng Bunker (แฝดสยามอิน-จัน)

Chan (Chinese: 昌; pinyin: Chāng; Thai: จัน, Jan, RTGS: Chan) and Eng (Chinese: 恩; pinyin: Ēn; Thai: อินIn) Bunker (May 11, 1811 – January 17, 1874) were conjoined twin brothers whose condition and birthplace became the basis for the term "Siamese twins".

Life

     The Bunker brothers were born on May 11, 1811 in Siam (now Thailand ), in the province of Samutsongkram , to a fisherman and his wife (Nok or [Nak]; Thai : นาก ). Because of their Chinese heritage (as they were born from a Thai Chinese father and a Chinese - Malay mother), they were known as the "Chinese Twins" in Siam. They were joined at the sternum by a small piece of cartilage.Their livers were fused but independently complete.Although 19th century medicine did not have the means to do so, modern surgical techniques would have allowed them to be separated.In 1829, British merchant Robert Hunter "discovered" them and paid their family to let them be exhibited as a curiosity during a world tour.In 1839, while visiting Wilkesboro , North Carolina , the twins were attracted to the area and settled on a 110-acre (0.45 km 2 ) farm in nearby Traphill , becoming naturalized United States citizens.Determined to start living a normal life as much as possible, the brothers settled on a plantation , bought slaves ,and adopted the name "Bunker". On April 13, 1843, they married two sisters: Chang to Adelaide Yates and Eng to Sarah Anne Yates.This made their respective children double first cousins .In addition, because Chang and Eng were identical twins, their children were genetically equivalent to half-siblings.Their Traphill home is where they shared a bed built for four.Chang and his wife had 10 children; Eng and his wife had 11.In time, the wives squabbled and eventually two separate households were set up just west of Mount Airy, North Carolina in the community of White Plains – the twins would alternate spending three days at each home.During the American Civil War Chang's son Christopher and Eng's son Stephen both fought for the Confederacy.Chan and Eng lost part of their property as a result of the war, and were very bitter in their denunciation of the government in consequence.After the war, they again resorted to public exhibitions, but were not very successful.They always maintained a high character for integrity and fair dealing, and were much esteemed by their neighbors.The twins died on the same day in January 1874.They always maintained a high character for integrity and fair dealing, and were much esteemed by their neighbors.The twins died on the same day in January 1874.According to the Travel Channel's "Mysteries at the Museum", Chang suffered a stroke the night that he died.Eng awoke to find his brother dead, and called for his wife and children to attend to him.A doctor was summoned to perform an emergency separation, but he was too late.Eng's widow died on April 29, 1892 and Chang's widow died on May 21, 1917.

In - chan and children of the couple.

Memorial

      The fused liver of the Bunker brothers was preserved and is currently on display at the Mütter Museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Numerous artifacts of the twins, including some of their personal artifacts and their travel ledger, are displayed in the North Carolina Collection Gallery in Wilson Library at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; this includes the original watercolor portrait of Chan and Eng from 1836.

Grave of Eng and Chang Bunker near Mt. Airy, North Carolina

Bibliography : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang_and_Eng_Bunker

Flood

Flood (อุทกภัย)

The word "flood" comes from the Old Englishflod, a word common to Germanic languages (compare GermanFlut, Dutchvloed from the same root as is seen in flow, float; also compare with Latinfluctus, flumen). Deluge myths are mythical stories of a great flood sent by a deity or deities to destroy civilization as an act of divine retribution, and they are featured in the mythology of many cultures.

Primary effects

     The primary effects of flooding include loss of life, damage to buildings and other structures, including bridges, sewerage systems, roadways, and canals.Infrastructure damage also frequently damages power transmission and sometimes power generation , which then has knock-on effects caused by the loss of power.This includes loss of drinking water treatment and water supply, which may result in loss of drinking water or severe water contamination.It may also cause the loss of sewage disposal facilities.Lack of clean water combined with human sewage in the flood waters raises the risk of waterborne diseases , which can include typhoid , giardia , cryptosporidium , cholera and many other diseases depending upon the location of the flood.

Damage to roads and transport infrastructure may make it difficult to mobilise aid to those affected or to provide emergency health treatment.Flood waters typically inundate farm land, making the land unworkable and preventing crops from being planted or harvested, which can lead to shortages of food both for humans and farm animals.Entire harvests for a country can be lost in extreme flood circumstances.Some tree species may not survive prolonged flooding of their root systems 

Secondary and long-term effects

     Economic hardship due to a temporary decline in tourism, rebuilding costs, or food shortages leading to price increases is a common after-effect of severe flooding.The impact on those affected may cause psychological damage to those affected, in particular where deaths, serious injuries and loss of property occur.

Benefits of flood

     Floods (in particular more frequent or smaller floods) can also bring many benefits, such as recharging ground water , making soil more fertile and increasing nutrients in some soils.Flood waters provide much needed water resources in arid and semi-arid regions where precipitation can be very unevenly distributed throughout the year.Freshwater floods particularly play an important role in maintaining ecosystems in river corridors and are a key factor in maintaining floodplain biodiversity.Flooding can spread nutrients to lakes and rivers, which can lead to increased biomass and improved fisheries for a few years.For some fish species, an inundated floodplain may form a highly suitable location for spawning with few predators and enhanced levels of nutrients or food. Fish, such as the weather fish , make use of floods in order to reach new habitats.Bird populations may also profit from the boost in food production caused by flooding. Periodic flooding was essential to the well-being of ancient communities along the Tigris-Euphrates Rivers, the Nile River, the Indus River , the Ganges and the Yellow River among others.The viability of hydropower , a renewable source of energy, is also higher in flood prone regions.

Bibliography : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood