Storms

Storms ( วาตวัย )

Storms is

Storms means. Disasters caused by hurricane force winds. Cause damage to buildings, trees and buildings. In Thailand, windstorm or hurricane force winds are caused by natural phenomena is a national playoff.

1.Including depression tropical cyclone tropical storm typhoon

2. Storms often occur during the summer months of March and April. It occurs frequently in the North and Northeast. Central and eastern parts. There will be a few times over. For the South, it can happen, but not frequently. Takes place in the summer by storm. That is swelter during several consecutive days. Then a stream of high pressure air blowing in China clash Rain causes stormy windy. And may have hail damage in a wide area that is approximately 20 to 30 square kilometers.

3.Tornado (Terry Manado), a severe storm caused a small circulation. The wind under a cloud formation in the set. Cloud or thunderstorm. (Lower Nimbus cloud accumulator) with a low cloud base. Vortices with wind speed is high. The air flow was docked up to the sky. Or broken down from the clouds like a chimney or tentacles extended. If the ground is damaging the tree houses and buildings have. In Thailand, often resulting vortices. Attunement ground is largely up to the base of the cloud. And occurs infrequently they occur in a confined space and have a short period of time, thus causing damage in some areas.

In major hurricane happening where and when

1. Storm of tropical storm "Harriet," which peaked Rams district Pakphanang province on 25 October 2505 to the death of 870 people lost 160 people, injured 422 people homeless, 16,170 people, property loss is around 960. million baht

2. Storm of typhoon "Gay" is swept into the province on Nov. 4, 2532 windstorm was measured at 

120 km / h, 5,495 people died, 602 people were injured, 61,258 houses were damaged after a property loss estimated. 11,739,595,265 baht

3.Hurricane typhoon Linda. From November 2 to November 4, 2540, causing flooding and damage from storm waves washing ashore in the 11 provinces of the south and east in November 2532.

Figure 4 storm damage gay. The province.

What are the dangers of a hurricane

Harm caused by the storms and strong winds. The resulting damage

Onshore

     Trees uprooted. Trees over houses collapsed. People were wounded to death. Plantations. Very heavy losses.

Unhealthy homes. Unable to resist the violence of the wind had broken locomotives. Made with zinc roofs being blown open. Roof tiles carded. Harm to those in the open, telegraph poles, electricity poles, telephone poles, power lines fall short circuit caused the fire. People died of electric shock. People living by the sea. Houses are covered with the waves. And swept into the sea. Many people drowned in the sea. Heavy rain all day and all night. Flooding to come. Cataract from the mountain flows down severely flooded homes, roads and farmland greenhouse gardens.

Transportation railroad bridges and roads were cut off.

In Sea

     Windswept waves are very large ships may be big blow to the shore or the reef sank.

All boats should keep ashore or avoid sailing near the storm center. Has made ​​big waves washing ashore at high tide flooding. Dwellings along the ocean and sweep the building may not fit into the sea. Coastal fishing boats were destroyed.

Preparing for hurricane protection required, however

Preparation for and during a hurricane

1. Follow news like bad weather warnings from the Department of Meteorology.

2. Preparing radio and communications equipment. Battery type battery. To catch up in case of power outages.

2. Cutting branches or twigs may be rolled from the storm. The branches to be deducted over the house power lines, trees, dead trees should be cut down waste management.

4. Poles and power lines in and out of the house to order. If the bond is not strong poles for stability.

5. Stay stable over time while building a windstorm. Do not come out in the open. Because trees and branches may be cut down over it. Including zinc and tiles are blown by the wind to do harm.

6th. Shut all the windows. Including door and window to the strong. If the window is not strong. Using no more leaning close the door hit the nail fixation. Windows will be more secure.

7. Preventing wind and channel it through various winds cause damage.

8. Prepare lanterns, flashlights and matches them with. Keep close at hand. When the power goes out it will be available in a timely manner, and all equipment with clean water and cover weights.

9. Prepare backup. Canned food to sustain you for the duration of 2-3 days.

10. Extinguish the fireplace before the operation, and should be equipped with a fire extinguisher.

11. Prepare medical supplies.

12. Items should be in the low I may be missing. Fracture damage.

13. Those rafts down firmly anchor fixation strength.

14.If the vehicle or vehicles should be prepared for the storm and may have to take the patient to the hospital should be able to fill up the gas tank at all times.

15. Was calm and then have to wait at least 3 hours if winds reach this stage, and no recurrence. To trust that the storm has passed, because when the storm center passed to the strong winds and heavy rain for about two hours ago.

16. Recovered strongly in the decision. To harm the family crisis. The weather forecast calls the phone number 398-9830, 399-4012-3.

When the storm calmed

1. Upon immediately help the wounded and taken to hospital or medical center as fast as possible.

2. Nearby tree will fall immediately to topple down. Otherwise, Subversion will break later.

3.If a power pole fell. Do not approach or touch the cord itself. Danger mark. 4 let staff handle food or electricians. Do not touch the metal conductor of electricity.

4. Turns out that any of the plumbing. To notify the authorities immediately.

5. Do not use tap water. The water may not be pure. Due to burst pipe or flooding. If you drink tap water as it may cause the disease. The drinking water supply before the scene instead.

6. Problems in public health that may occur.

Control disease outbreaks have the potential

1.Clean water such as chlorine, alum and lime.

2.Removal using lime or liquid stools Seoul Lite 5% odor removal and disinfection.

3.Vehicle removal such as mosquitoes, flies and disease using insecticides.

Diseases that usually occur after a hurricane

1.Respiratory diseases such as colds.

3.Infectious and parasitic diseases such as leptospirosis, etc. purulent inflammation.

3.Skin diseases such as eczema, etc. Water Co. water.

4.Diseases of the gut such as diarrhea.

5.Mental conditions such as stress.

Earthquake

Earthquake ( แผ่นดินไหว )

    An earthquake (also known as a quake , tremor or temblor ) is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves.

    Earthquakes are measured using observations from seismometers. The moment magnitude is the most common scale on which earthquakes larger than approximately 5 are reported for the entire globe. The more numerous earthquakes smaller than magnitude 5 reported by national seismological observatories are measured mostly on the local magnitude scale, also referred to as the Richter scale.These two scales are numerically similar over their range of validity.Magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes are mostly almost imperceptible or weak and magnitude 7 and over potentially cause serious damage over larger areas, depending on their depth.The largest earthquakes in historic times have been of magnitude slightly over 9, although there is no limit to the possible magnitude.The most recent large earthquake of magnitude 9.0 or larger was a 9.0 magnitude earthquake in Japan in 2011 (as of October 2012), and it was the largest Japanese earthquake since records began.Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale. The shallower an earthquake, the more damage to structures it causes, all else being equal. At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacement of the ground. When the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore, the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a tsunami. Earthquakes can also trigger landslides, and occasionally volcanic activity.

Naturally occurring earthquakes

     Tectonic earthquakes occur anywhere in the earth where there is sufficient stored elastic strain energy to drive fracture propagation along a fault plane. The sides of a fault move past each other smoothly and aseismically only if there are no irregularities or asperities along the fault surface that increase the frictional resistance. Most fault surfaces do have such asperities and this leads to a form of stick-slip behaviour. Once the fault has locked, continued relative motion between the plates leads to increasing stress and therefore, stored strain energy in the volume around the fault surface. This continues until the stress has risen sufficiently to break through the asperity, suddenly allowing sliding over the locked portion of the fault, releasing the stored energy. This energy is released as a combination of radiated elastic strain seismic waves , frictional heating of the fault surface, and cracking of the rock, thus causing an earthquake.This process of gradual build-up of strain and stress punctuated by occasional sudden earthquake failure is referred to as the elastic-rebound theory .It is estimated that only 10 percent or less of an earthquake's total energy is radiated as seismic energy.Most of the earthquake's energy is used to power the earthquake fracture growth or is converted into heat generated by friction.Therefore, earthquakes lower the Earth's available elastic potential energy and raise its temperature, though these changes are negligible compared to the conductive and convective flow of heat out from the Earth's deep interior.

Induced seismicity

     While most earthquakes are caused by movement of the Earth's tectonic plates , human activity can also produce earthquakes.Four main activities contribute to this phenomenon: storing large amounts of water behind a dam (and possibly building an extremely heavy building ), drilling and injecting liquid into wells , and by coal mining and oil drilling. Perhaps the best known example is the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China's Sichuan Province in May; this tremor resulted in 69,227 fatalities and is the 19th deadliest earthquake of all time.The Zipingpu Dam is believed to have fluctuated the pressure of the fault 1,650 feet (503 m) away; this pressure probably increased the power of the earthquake and accelerated the rate of movement for the fault.The greatest earthquake in Australia's history is also claimed to be induced by humanity, through coal mining. The city of Newcastle was built over a large sector of coal mining areas.The earthquake has been reported to be spawned from a fault that reactivated due to the millions of tonnes of rock removed in the mining process.

Effects of earthquakes

Shaking and ground rupture

    Shaking and ground rupture are the main effects created by earthquakes, principally resulting in more or less severe damage to buildings and other rigid structures.The severity of the local effects depends on the complex combination of the earthquake magnitude , the distance from the epicenter , and the local geological and geomorphological conditions, which may amplify or reduce wave propagation.The ground-shaking is measured by ground acceleration.Ground rupture is a visible breaking and displacement of the Earth's surface along the trace of the fault, which may be of the order of several metres in the case of major earthquakes.Ground rupture is a major risk for large engineering structures such as dams , bridges and nuclear power stations and requires careful mapping of existing faults to identify any which are likely to break the ground surface within the life of the structure.

Landslides and avalanches

     Earthquakes, along with severe storms, volcanic activity, coastal wave attack, and wildfires, can produce slope instability leading to landslides, a major geological hazard.Landslide danger may persist while emergency personnel are attempting rescue.

Fires

      Earthquakes can cause fires by damaging electrical power or gas lines.In the event of water mains rupturing and a loss of pressure, it may also become difficult to stop the spread of a fire once it has started.For example, more deaths in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake were caused by fire than by the earthquake itself.

Soil liquefaction

      Soil liquefaction occurs when, because of the shaking, water-saturated granular material (such as sand) temporarily loses its strength and transforms from a solid to a liquid. Soil liquefaction may cause rigid structures, like buildings and bridges, to tilt or sink into the liquefied deposits. For example, in the 1964 Alaska earthquake, soil liquefaction caused many buildings to sink into the ground, eventually collapsing upon themselves.

Tsunami

         Tsunamis are long-wavelength, long-period sea waves produced by the sudden or abrupt movement of large volumes of water.In the open ocean the distance between wave crests can surpass 100 kilometers (62 mi), and the wave periods can vary from five minutes to one hour.Such tsunamis travel 600-800 kilometers per hour (373–497 miles per hour), depending on water depth.Large waves produced by an earthquake or a submarine landslide can overrun nearby coastal areas in a matter of minutes.Tsunamis can also travel thousands of kilometers across open ocean and wreak destruction on far shores hours after the earthquake that generated them.

Human impacts

An earthquake may cause injury and loss of life, road and bridge damage, general property damage (which may or may not be covered by earthquake insurance ), and collapse or destabilization (potentially leading to future collapse) of buildings.The aftermath may bring disease , lack of basic necessities, and higher insurance premiums.

Conflagration

Conflagration ( อัคคีภัย )

      Conflagration   mean  danger caused by the lack of supervision. Cause infections to spread along with the fuel ignition. Condition is more serious if the fire burns the fuel augment Or fuel vapor ejected much heat would be even more. The loss of property and life.

The cause of the conflagration

          The cause of the fire that caused the spread of large fires that may occur for two major features.
The cause of the fire caused by the accident. The cause of the fire caused by the negligence, recklessness or contingent.
The cause of the fire as a result of intentional arson or sabotage. Due to the incentive value of the stimulus that caused the arson. Possibly due to the bugs.
Cause of fire caused by negligence. Recklessness. In this case, it is divided into two main issues have issues.
Recklessness that fueled the spread. In such cases, this is due to make things as fuel. Substances which are flammable, combustible or flame spread when exposed to heat, it will be the cause of a fire, for example, in the presence of solvent vapors. Or fuel distribution. When exposed to a heat source such as a smoking area, it will cause a fire.
Careless use of fire and heat. In this case, too, the heat source, which may be in a different format, such as heating and electrical connection of the furnace so that the heat source in contact with the fuel in proper working condition. It is the cause of the fire, for example, linking with sparks of electricity. Or gas to fall in a pile of scrap wood or cloth caused the smoldering flames of fire.

conflagration origin

Sources of fire ignition causes of the causes and sources vary as follows.
1.Electrical equipment
2.Smoking or lighting.
3.The friction of the engine.
4.Heating
5.Objects with hot surfaces such as steel, steam pipes were burned.
6.Furnace, with no flame, no lid or cover.
7.Welding and Cutting.
8.Burn yourself. Caused by the accumulation of some substances such as waste coal drying will cause heat to build up in itself. Until the ignition.
9.Caused by arson.
10.Sparks caused by equipment failure.
11.Metal or molten material.
12.Electrostatic
13.Chemical reaction of some species such as sodium, potassium, phosphorus, when exposed to air, water or other materials. Cause a burn.
14.Atmospheres containing contaminants caused the explosion.
15.From other causes.

The effects of conflagration

         Results directly from fire, resulting in injuries and loss of life due to the heat. Damage to the building. Machinery and equipment to the fire damage to the industry. Mechanical damage to the cost of rebuilt or supply new machines to replace the old one.

To prevent and reduce losses from fire

       1. Successfully organized means to prevent contact spread. By organized storage. Chemical properties that will fire easily according to the storage. The material properties inside and outside the building before the operation. Accumulated fuel without exceeding the limit. Because when fires inevitably results in more aggressive.
       2.Surveillance, maintenance means getting rid of the cause in the distribution of fuels and heating fuels, such as surveillance of various leakage flow and control the occurrence and distribution of thermal heating.

      3.Discipline means compliance with laws and regulations relating to fire protection, such as a place to hold a fire extinguisher.

      4.Good cooperation means to study cognition in preventing and extinguishing. By practicing the use of equipment and tools used in firefighting. And training in the implementation of emergency on fire.